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Banking Credit Portfolio & Management - Lending To Recovery
Lending Principles| Bank Finance| Ratios| Loan Policy| Risk| Charge on Securities| NPAs| Recovery| Debt Restructuring
What you'll learn
Principles of Lending: Understand the foundational rules and cardinal principles that govern bank lending, including the importance of liquidity, profitability
Assessment of Bank Finance: Gain insights into various financing methods, such as working capital and term loans, and learn how to evaluate project reports
Financial Ratio Analysis: Develop the ability to analyze and interpret different financial ratios to assess a company's financial health and repayment capacity
Loan Policy Development: Learn about the components of a typical loan policy and how to align policies with regulatory guidelines set by the Reserve Bank
Credit Monitoring Techniques: Discover effective strategies for monitoring credit, including the use of registers and oversight of borrower accounts
Documentation and Legal Aspects: Understand the importance of proper documentation, the types of documents required, and the legal considerations
Credit Risk Management: Explore methods for evaluating and managing credit risk, ensuring that students can identify and mitigate potential risks effectively.
Creation of Charge on Securities: Learn about the different forms of security that can be used to secure loans, including assignment, lien, hypothecation
Supervision and Follow-Up: Master the strategies for supervising advances and following up with borrowers to ensure ongoing financial health.
Understanding Non-Performing Assets (NPAs): Learn the definition of NPAs, the RBI guidelines for asset classification, and provisioning norms
Preventing Slippage of NPA Accounts: Gain insights into the characteristics of Special Mention Accounts (SMAs) and strategies to prevent accounts from slipping
Recovery of Advances: Explore non-legal measures for recovery, rehabilitation strategies for distressed units, and the role of legal measures
Debt Restructuring: Understand the general principles of debt restructuring, including income recognition, asset classification, and key concepts related
By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the knowledge and practical skills necessary to excel in banking finance, lending decisions.
Requirements
Familiarity with Financial Concepts: Students should have a foundational knowledge of key financial concepts such as interest rates, loans, and basic accounting principles. Familiarity with financial statements like balance sheets and income statements is advantageous.
Basic Analytical Skills: Proficiency in analytical thinking and problem-solving skills is essential, as the course involves assessing financial data and making informed lending decisions.
Computer Skills: Basic proficiency in using computers and financial software applications is recommended. Familiarity with spreadsheet tools (e.g., Microsoft Excel) will be helpful for financial analysis and data management.
Motivation to Learn: A willingness to engage actively in the course materials and participate in discussions is crucial for a successful learning experience.
Description
Introduction:In today's complex financial landscape, mastering the principles of bank finance is essential for professionals looking to excel in lending and credit management. This comprehensive course provides an in-depth understanding of the various aspects of bank lending, financial assessment, risk management, and recovery strategies. Through structured sections and expert lectures, students will develop the skills necessary to effectively navigate the banking environment, make informed lending decisions, and manage credit risk.Section 1: General Principles of LendingThis section lays the foundation for effective lending practices in banking. Students will learn the basic rules and cardinal principles that govern lending decisions, including the importance of liquidity and profitability. Through an exploration of integrity, adequacy, and timeliness, learners will grasp essential thumb rules for loan officers, ensuring they are equipped with the necessary guidelines for successful lending practices.Section 2: Assessment of Bank FinanceBuilding on the foundational knowledge, this section delves into the assessment of bank finance, focusing on working capital and term loans. Students will explore various methods for assessing term loan finance and understand the critical factors involved in evaluating project reports. Emphasis will be placed on the documentation required for credit proposals, along with the assessment of non-fund-based facilities such as guarantees and letters of credit. This section ensures that students are well-versed in evaluating financial proposals and understanding the nuances of bank financing.Section 3: Analysis of Financial RatiosIn this section, students will discover the significance of financial ratios in assessing a company's financial health. They will learn to analyze different types of financial ratios, understanding their implications for loan assessment and overall financial analysis. This knowledge is crucial for making informed lending decisions and understanding a borrower's capacity to repay.Section 4: Loan PolicyThis section focuses on loan policies and their components, providing students with insights into the typical loan policies of banks. Understanding the policy framing process within the guidelines set by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will empower students to navigate and implement sound lending practices aligned with regulatory standards.Section 5: Credit MonitoringCredit monitoring is a vital aspect of lending, and this section covers its necessity in ensuring loan repayment. Students will learn about different registers used for monitoring credits, as well as how to monitor stock statements, bills portfolios, and the insurance of securities. This section highlights the importance of ongoing oversight in maintaining healthy borrower relationships and preventing defaults.Section 6: Documentation and Legal AspectsProper documentation is crucial in banking, and this section emphasizes the legal aspects associated with loan execution. Students will learn about the types of documents required, the procedure for documentation, and essential points to consider during the execution phase. This knowledge is vital for ensuring compliance and protecting the bank's interests.Section 7: Credit Risk ManagementEffective credit risk management is fundamental to a bank's success. In this section, students will explore evaluation and measurement techniques, understanding the mechanisms banks use to manage credit risk. This knowledge will enable students to assess potential risks and implement strategies to mitigate them.Section 8: Creation of Charge on SecuritiesThis section delves into the various forms of securities that can be used to secure loans. Students will learn about assignment, lien, set-off, hypothecation, pledge, and mortgage, gaining insights into how these mechanisms function within the lending process.Section 9: Supervision and Follow-up of AdvancesSupervision and follow-up are crucial for maintaining the health of advances. This section covers strategies for effective supervision, inspection of stocks, and reviewing borrower accounts. Students will learn how to use tools for forecasting trends and identifying symptoms that may indicate a turning point for accounts.Section 10: Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)In this section, students will gain an understanding of NPAs, including their definition and the RBI guidelines for asset classification. Provisioning norms for various types of bank-held assets will also be discussed, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of this critical issue in banking.Section 11: Preventing Slippage of NPA AccountsPreventing the slippage of NPA accounts is essential for maintaining a bank's financial stability. This section explores the RBI guidelines and characteristics of Special Mention Accounts (SMAs), equipping students with strategies to prevent accounts from deteriorating into NPAs.Section 12: Recovery of AdvancesThis section focuses on the recovery process for advances, emphasizing non-legal measures and strategies for rehabilitating sick units. Students will learn about compromise proposals, the role of Lok Adalats, and other legal measures for effective recovery, providing them with a well-rounded view of recovery strategies.Section 13: Debt RestructuringThe course concludes with a deep dive into debt restructuring principles. Students will learn about income recognition, asset classification, and key concepts related to the Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR) package. This knowledge is vital for understanding how to manage distressed assets effectively.Conclusion:By the end of this course, students will have a robust understanding of bank finance, from the fundamental principles of lending to the complexities of credit risk management and recovery strategies. Equipped with practical skills and knowledge, students will be prepared to excel in the banking industry and contribute to sound lending practices.
Overview
Section 1: General Principles of lending
Lecture 1 Basic rules before lending by a bank
Lecture 2 Cardinal principles of lending
Lecture 3 Importance of Liqiuidity and Profitability
Lecture 4 Importance of integrity, adequacy and timeliness
Lecture 5 Thumb rules for Loan Officers
Lecture 6 Continuation of Thumb rules for Loan Officers
Section 2: Assessment of Bank Finance
Lecture 7 Working Capital and Term Loans
Lecture 8 Assessment of Term Loan Finance
Lecture 9 Factors involved in assessment of Term Loan fiance
Lecture 10 Necessity of Analysis of the project report
Lecture 11 Continuation of Necessity of Analysis of the project report
Lecture 12 Working Capital assessment methods-Operating cycle method
Lecture 13 Documents required for credit proposals
Lecture 14 MPBF method of assessment of working capital
Lecture 15 Projected Turnover method of assessment of working capital
Lecture 16 Assessment of Non-fund based facilities-Guarantees
Lecture 17 Additional precautions for issuance of guarantees
Lecture 18 Continuation of Additional precautions for issuance of guarantees
Lecture 19 What is letter of credit and its assessment by banks
Lecture 20 Assessment of Letter of Credit limit
Lecture 21 Typical assessment of a Credit Proposal
Lecture 22 Data relating to Management-its importance
Lecture 23 Important information required to be incorporated in loan proposal
Lecture 24 Continuatiion of Important information required to be incorporated in loan propo
Lecture 25 Further Continuation of Important information required to be incorporated in loa
Lecture 26 Operating statement of a Company
Lecture 27 Analysis of Balance sheet of a business unit for the assessment of bank finance
Lecture 28 How to read between the lines of Balance sheet?
Section 3: Analysis of Financial Ratios
Lecture 29 Analysis of Financial Ratios
Lecture 30 Requirement of analysis of financial ratios
Lecture 31 Different types of financial ratios and the benefit thereof for assessment of ba
Section 4: Loan Policy
Lecture 32 loan policy and Components of loan policy in brief
Lecture 33 A typical loan policy of a bank
Lecture 34 Policy framing within overall guidelines of the RBI
Lecture 35 Continuation of Policy framing within overall guidelines of the RBI
Section 5: Credit Monitoring
Lecture 36 Need of monitoring the credits
Lecture 37 Types of registers used for monitoring
Lecture 38 Monitoring of stock statements
Lecture 39 Monitoring of Bills portfolio
Lecture 40 Monitoring insurance of the security
Lecture 41 Monitoring of operations
Lecture 42 Inspection related issues
Lecture 43 Deficiencies observed at the monitoring stage
Lecture 44 Borrower&s profile for Credit Monitoring
Section 6: Documentation and legal aspects
Lecture 45 Important points to be rembered while execution of documents
Lecture 46 Type of documents used for executions
Lecture 47 Procedure for documentation
Lecture 48 Rules relating to stamping of documents
Lecture 49 Cares needed for execution of documents by special kind of borrowers
Lecture 50 Extension of limitation period
Section 7: Credit Risk Management
Lecture 51 Credit Risk Management & Evaluation and Measurement
Lecture 52 Continuation of Credit Risk Management & Evaluation and measurement
Lecture 53 Credit Risk Management mechanism in banks
Section 8: Creation of charge on Securities
Lecture 54 Assignment, Lien and Set-off
Lecture 55 Hypothecation, Pledge and Mortgage
Section 9: Supervision and follow-up of advances
Lecture 56 Supervision and follow-up of advances-various strategies
Lecture 57 Inspection of stock and calculation of DP
Lecture 58 Review of the borrowers& account and Stock audit
Lecture 59 Tools for determining future trends and symptoms for account turning bad
Section 10: Non Performing Assets
Lecture 60 NPAs- Definition and Income Recognition
Lecture 61 RBI guidelines on Asset classification
Lecture 62 Provisioning norms for all types of assets held by a bank
Section 11: Preventing Slippage of NPA accounts
Lecture 63 RBI guidelines on preventing slippage of NPA accounts
Lecture 64 Characteristics of Special Mention Accounts
Section 12: Recovery of Advances
Lecture 65 Recovery of advances & Non legal measures
Lecture 66 Process of rehabilitation of a sick unit
Lecture 67 Compromise proposal for recovery of dues
Lecture 68 Lok adalats, Circulation of Defaulters& list, write off etc
Lecture 69 Other legal measures for recovery
Lecture 70 Other legal measures for recovery Continue
Section 13: Debt Restructuring
Lecture 71 Debt Restructuring- General principles
Lecture 72 Income recognition and asset classification
Lecture 73 Key concepts related to CDR package
Banking Professionals: Individuals currently working in banks or financial institutions, including loan officers, credit analysts, and relationship managers, seeking to deepen their understanding of lending principles and practices.,Finance Graduates: Recent graduates in finance, economics, or business administration who wish to pursue a career in banking or financial services and want to acquire foundational knowledge in lending.,Credit Risk Analysts: Professionals involved in assessing and managing credit risk who want to enhance their expertise in evaluating loan proposals and monitoring credit quality.,Loan Officers: Current loan officers looking to refresh their knowledge of lending principles, assessment techniques, and credit monitoring strategies.,Financial Consultants: Consultants who advise businesses on financing options and risk management, aiming to strengthen their knowledge of lending and credit practices.,Entrepreneurs and Business Owners: Individuals seeking financing for their businesses and wanting to understand the lending process, requirements, and how to improve their chances of obtaining loans.,Students and Learners: Individuals interested in pursuing further studies in finance or banking, looking for a comprehensive overview of lending principles and practices.
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Published 9/2024
MP4 | Video: h264, 1920x1080 | Audio: AAC, 44.1 KHz
Language: English | Size: 1.83 GB | Duration: 10h 18m
MP4 | Video: h264, 1920x1080 | Audio: AAC, 44.1 KHz
Language: English | Size: 1.83 GB | Duration: 10h 18m
Lending Principles| Bank Finance| Ratios| Loan Policy| Risk| Charge on Securities| NPAs| Recovery| Debt Restructuring
What you'll learn
Principles of Lending: Understand the foundational rules and cardinal principles that govern bank lending, including the importance of liquidity, profitability
Assessment of Bank Finance: Gain insights into various financing methods, such as working capital and term loans, and learn how to evaluate project reports
Financial Ratio Analysis: Develop the ability to analyze and interpret different financial ratios to assess a company's financial health and repayment capacity
Loan Policy Development: Learn about the components of a typical loan policy and how to align policies with regulatory guidelines set by the Reserve Bank
Credit Monitoring Techniques: Discover effective strategies for monitoring credit, including the use of registers and oversight of borrower accounts
Documentation and Legal Aspects: Understand the importance of proper documentation, the types of documents required, and the legal considerations
Credit Risk Management: Explore methods for evaluating and managing credit risk, ensuring that students can identify and mitigate potential risks effectively.
Creation of Charge on Securities: Learn about the different forms of security that can be used to secure loans, including assignment, lien, hypothecation
Supervision and Follow-Up: Master the strategies for supervising advances and following up with borrowers to ensure ongoing financial health.
Understanding Non-Performing Assets (NPAs): Learn the definition of NPAs, the RBI guidelines for asset classification, and provisioning norms
Preventing Slippage of NPA Accounts: Gain insights into the characteristics of Special Mention Accounts (SMAs) and strategies to prevent accounts from slipping
Recovery of Advances: Explore non-legal measures for recovery, rehabilitation strategies for distressed units, and the role of legal measures
Debt Restructuring: Understand the general principles of debt restructuring, including income recognition, asset classification, and key concepts related
By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the knowledge and practical skills necessary to excel in banking finance, lending decisions.
Requirements
Familiarity with Financial Concepts: Students should have a foundational knowledge of key financial concepts such as interest rates, loans, and basic accounting principles. Familiarity with financial statements like balance sheets and income statements is advantageous.
Basic Analytical Skills: Proficiency in analytical thinking and problem-solving skills is essential, as the course involves assessing financial data and making informed lending decisions.
Computer Skills: Basic proficiency in using computers and financial software applications is recommended. Familiarity with spreadsheet tools (e.g., Microsoft Excel) will be helpful for financial analysis and data management.
Motivation to Learn: A willingness to engage actively in the course materials and participate in discussions is crucial for a successful learning experience.
Description
Introduction:In today's complex financial landscape, mastering the principles of bank finance is essential for professionals looking to excel in lending and credit management. This comprehensive course provides an in-depth understanding of the various aspects of bank lending, financial assessment, risk management, and recovery strategies. Through structured sections and expert lectures, students will develop the skills necessary to effectively navigate the banking environment, make informed lending decisions, and manage credit risk.Section 1: General Principles of LendingThis section lays the foundation for effective lending practices in banking. Students will learn the basic rules and cardinal principles that govern lending decisions, including the importance of liquidity and profitability. Through an exploration of integrity, adequacy, and timeliness, learners will grasp essential thumb rules for loan officers, ensuring they are equipped with the necessary guidelines for successful lending practices.Section 2: Assessment of Bank FinanceBuilding on the foundational knowledge, this section delves into the assessment of bank finance, focusing on working capital and term loans. Students will explore various methods for assessing term loan finance and understand the critical factors involved in evaluating project reports. Emphasis will be placed on the documentation required for credit proposals, along with the assessment of non-fund-based facilities such as guarantees and letters of credit. This section ensures that students are well-versed in evaluating financial proposals and understanding the nuances of bank financing.Section 3: Analysis of Financial RatiosIn this section, students will discover the significance of financial ratios in assessing a company's financial health. They will learn to analyze different types of financial ratios, understanding their implications for loan assessment and overall financial analysis. This knowledge is crucial for making informed lending decisions and understanding a borrower's capacity to repay.Section 4: Loan PolicyThis section focuses on loan policies and their components, providing students with insights into the typical loan policies of banks. Understanding the policy framing process within the guidelines set by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will empower students to navigate and implement sound lending practices aligned with regulatory standards.Section 5: Credit MonitoringCredit monitoring is a vital aspect of lending, and this section covers its necessity in ensuring loan repayment. Students will learn about different registers used for monitoring credits, as well as how to monitor stock statements, bills portfolios, and the insurance of securities. This section highlights the importance of ongoing oversight in maintaining healthy borrower relationships and preventing defaults.Section 6: Documentation and Legal AspectsProper documentation is crucial in banking, and this section emphasizes the legal aspects associated with loan execution. Students will learn about the types of documents required, the procedure for documentation, and essential points to consider during the execution phase. This knowledge is vital for ensuring compliance and protecting the bank's interests.Section 7: Credit Risk ManagementEffective credit risk management is fundamental to a bank's success. In this section, students will explore evaluation and measurement techniques, understanding the mechanisms banks use to manage credit risk. This knowledge will enable students to assess potential risks and implement strategies to mitigate them.Section 8: Creation of Charge on SecuritiesThis section delves into the various forms of securities that can be used to secure loans. Students will learn about assignment, lien, set-off, hypothecation, pledge, and mortgage, gaining insights into how these mechanisms function within the lending process.Section 9: Supervision and Follow-up of AdvancesSupervision and follow-up are crucial for maintaining the health of advances. This section covers strategies for effective supervision, inspection of stocks, and reviewing borrower accounts. Students will learn how to use tools for forecasting trends and identifying symptoms that may indicate a turning point for accounts.Section 10: Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)In this section, students will gain an understanding of NPAs, including their definition and the RBI guidelines for asset classification. Provisioning norms for various types of bank-held assets will also be discussed, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of this critical issue in banking.Section 11: Preventing Slippage of NPA AccountsPreventing the slippage of NPA accounts is essential for maintaining a bank's financial stability. This section explores the RBI guidelines and characteristics of Special Mention Accounts (SMAs), equipping students with strategies to prevent accounts from deteriorating into NPAs.Section 12: Recovery of AdvancesThis section focuses on the recovery process for advances, emphasizing non-legal measures and strategies for rehabilitating sick units. Students will learn about compromise proposals, the role of Lok Adalats, and other legal measures for effective recovery, providing them with a well-rounded view of recovery strategies.Section 13: Debt RestructuringThe course concludes with a deep dive into debt restructuring principles. Students will learn about income recognition, asset classification, and key concepts related to the Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR) package. This knowledge is vital for understanding how to manage distressed assets effectively.Conclusion:By the end of this course, students will have a robust understanding of bank finance, from the fundamental principles of lending to the complexities of credit risk management and recovery strategies. Equipped with practical skills and knowledge, students will be prepared to excel in the banking industry and contribute to sound lending practices.
Overview
Section 1: General Principles of lending
Lecture 1 Basic rules before lending by a bank
Lecture 2 Cardinal principles of lending
Lecture 3 Importance of Liqiuidity and Profitability
Lecture 4 Importance of integrity, adequacy and timeliness
Lecture 5 Thumb rules for Loan Officers
Lecture 6 Continuation of Thumb rules for Loan Officers
Section 2: Assessment of Bank Finance
Lecture 7 Working Capital and Term Loans
Lecture 8 Assessment of Term Loan Finance
Lecture 9 Factors involved in assessment of Term Loan fiance
Lecture 10 Necessity of Analysis of the project report
Lecture 11 Continuation of Necessity of Analysis of the project report
Lecture 12 Working Capital assessment methods-Operating cycle method
Lecture 13 Documents required for credit proposals
Lecture 14 MPBF method of assessment of working capital
Lecture 15 Projected Turnover method of assessment of working capital
Lecture 16 Assessment of Non-fund based facilities-Guarantees
Lecture 17 Additional precautions for issuance of guarantees
Lecture 18 Continuation of Additional precautions for issuance of guarantees
Lecture 19 What is letter of credit and its assessment by banks
Lecture 20 Assessment of Letter of Credit limit
Lecture 21 Typical assessment of a Credit Proposal
Lecture 22 Data relating to Management-its importance
Lecture 23 Important information required to be incorporated in loan proposal
Lecture 24 Continuatiion of Important information required to be incorporated in loan propo
Lecture 25 Further Continuation of Important information required to be incorporated in loa
Lecture 26 Operating statement of a Company
Lecture 27 Analysis of Balance sheet of a business unit for the assessment of bank finance
Lecture 28 How to read between the lines of Balance sheet?
Section 3: Analysis of Financial Ratios
Lecture 29 Analysis of Financial Ratios
Lecture 30 Requirement of analysis of financial ratios
Lecture 31 Different types of financial ratios and the benefit thereof for assessment of ba
Section 4: Loan Policy
Lecture 32 loan policy and Components of loan policy in brief
Lecture 33 A typical loan policy of a bank
Lecture 34 Policy framing within overall guidelines of the RBI
Lecture 35 Continuation of Policy framing within overall guidelines of the RBI
Section 5: Credit Monitoring
Lecture 36 Need of monitoring the credits
Lecture 37 Types of registers used for monitoring
Lecture 38 Monitoring of stock statements
Lecture 39 Monitoring of Bills portfolio
Lecture 40 Monitoring insurance of the security
Lecture 41 Monitoring of operations
Lecture 42 Inspection related issues
Lecture 43 Deficiencies observed at the monitoring stage
Lecture 44 Borrower&s profile for Credit Monitoring
Section 6: Documentation and legal aspects
Lecture 45 Important points to be rembered while execution of documents
Lecture 46 Type of documents used for executions
Lecture 47 Procedure for documentation
Lecture 48 Rules relating to stamping of documents
Lecture 49 Cares needed for execution of documents by special kind of borrowers
Lecture 50 Extension of limitation period
Section 7: Credit Risk Management
Lecture 51 Credit Risk Management & Evaluation and Measurement
Lecture 52 Continuation of Credit Risk Management & Evaluation and measurement
Lecture 53 Credit Risk Management mechanism in banks
Section 8: Creation of charge on Securities
Lecture 54 Assignment, Lien and Set-off
Lecture 55 Hypothecation, Pledge and Mortgage
Section 9: Supervision and follow-up of advances
Lecture 56 Supervision and follow-up of advances-various strategies
Lecture 57 Inspection of stock and calculation of DP
Lecture 58 Review of the borrowers& account and Stock audit
Lecture 59 Tools for determining future trends and symptoms for account turning bad
Section 10: Non Performing Assets
Lecture 60 NPAs- Definition and Income Recognition
Lecture 61 RBI guidelines on Asset classification
Lecture 62 Provisioning norms for all types of assets held by a bank
Section 11: Preventing Slippage of NPA accounts
Lecture 63 RBI guidelines on preventing slippage of NPA accounts
Lecture 64 Characteristics of Special Mention Accounts
Section 12: Recovery of Advances
Lecture 65 Recovery of advances & Non legal measures
Lecture 66 Process of rehabilitation of a sick unit
Lecture 67 Compromise proposal for recovery of dues
Lecture 68 Lok adalats, Circulation of Defaulters& list, write off etc
Lecture 69 Other legal measures for recovery
Lecture 70 Other legal measures for recovery Continue
Section 13: Debt Restructuring
Lecture 71 Debt Restructuring- General principles
Lecture 72 Income recognition and asset classification
Lecture 73 Key concepts related to CDR package
Banking Professionals: Individuals currently working in banks or financial institutions, including loan officers, credit analysts, and relationship managers, seeking to deepen their understanding of lending principles and practices.,Finance Graduates: Recent graduates in finance, economics, or business administration who wish to pursue a career in banking or financial services and want to acquire foundational knowledge in lending.,Credit Risk Analysts: Professionals involved in assessing and managing credit risk who want to enhance their expertise in evaluating loan proposals and monitoring credit quality.,Loan Officers: Current loan officers looking to refresh their knowledge of lending principles, assessment techniques, and credit monitoring strategies.,Financial Consultants: Consultants who advise businesses on financing options and risk management, aiming to strengthen their knowledge of lending and credit practices.,Entrepreneurs and Business Owners: Individuals seeking financing for their businesses and wanting to understand the lending process, requirements, and how to improve their chances of obtaining loans.,Students and Learners: Individuals interested in pursuing further studies in finance or banking, looking for a comprehensive overview of lending principles and practices.
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